This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item removes Crowd Control Effects and makes you immune to new ones for 2s. Additionally, your active cooldowns are reduced by 3s on use. Cooldown - 140s.
Using this item makes you invulnerable to damage and healing for 1.5s, and prevents you from taking any actions. You may still move. Cooldown - 170s. <font color='#f59b56'>Kill or assist minions to upgrade this Relic for free.
PASSIVE - Every 0.5 seconds you gain a stack of Arcane Energy, causing your next damaging ability to deal an additional 2 True Damage and remove all stacks. Also deals an additional 1 true damage per stack to minions. This effect stacks up to 20 times. Can be upgraded at level 20.
PASSIVE - Every 10s the Pendant activates, subtracting 1s from all of your abilities currently on Cooldown. The initial countdown will not start until you leave the fountain.
PASSIVE - Enemies hit by your abilities have 40% reduced healing for 5 seconds. Your next successful damaging ability on an enemy triggers a chain lightning, damaging the target and up to 4 nearby enemies for 40 damage + 10% of your Magical Power. This can only occur once every 20 seconds.
PASSIVE - If you receive a kill or assist on an Enemy God all of your non-ultimate cooldowns are reduced by 2 seconds and your ultimate cooldown is reduced by 6 seconds.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item removes Crowd Control Effects and makes you immune to new ones for 2s. Additionally, your active cooldowns are reduced by 3s on use. Cooldown - 140s.
Using this item makes you invulnerable to damage and healing for 1.5s, and prevents you from taking any actions. You may still move. Each instance of damage prevented in this time provides you 7% Movement Speed for 4s, stacking up to 3 times. Cooldown - 140s.
PASSIVE - Enemies hit by your damaging abilities take an additional 160 Physical Damage over 2s. Enemy gods take an additional 10% of their Current Health as Physical Damage over 2s. Subsequent hits on the same target do half the bonus damage for the next 3s.
PASSIVE - Enemies hit by your Abilities have 40% reduced healing for 5 seconds. Getting a kill or assist on an enemy god creates a field that lasts 10s, providing allies within it 20 Power + 2 Per level. This effect can only occur once every 10 seconds.
GLYPH - If you drop beneath 60% health, gain 15% Movement Speed and 30% Physical Ability Lifesteal for 8s. This effect may only occur once every 15s.
PASSIVE - For 8s after using an ability, your next Basic Attack will deal an additional 25% damage. Abilities that function like basic attacks do not benefit from this. PASSIVE - This item grants 2.5 MP5 per 10% of your missing Mana.
PASSIVE - Protects you from a single hard Crowd Control effect once every 70 seconds. When this occurs, you gain 1s of Crowd Control immunity. <n>GLYPH - Whenever your passive is consumed, the nearest allied god within 40 units gains protection from a single hard Crowd Control effect for 8s. If this passive is consumed before time runs out, they gain 1s of Crowd Control immunity.
PASSIVE - Your Basic Attacks benefit from an additional 20% Physical Penetration.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item removes Crowd Control Effects and makes you immune to new ones for 2s. Cooldown - 170s. <font color='#f59b56'>Kill or assist minions to upgrade this Relic for free.
Using this item makes you invulnerable to damage and healing for 1.5s, and prevents you from taking any actions. You may still move. Cooldown - 170s. <font color='#f59b56'>Kill or assist minions to upgrade this Relic for free.
PASSIVE - Every 0.5 seconds you gain a stack of Arcane Energy, causing your next damaging ability to deal an additional 2 True Damage and remove all stacks. Also deals an additional 1 true damage per stack to minions. This effect stacks up to 20 times. Can be upgraded at level 20.
PASSIVE - Every 10s the Pendant activates, subtracting 1s from all of your abilities currently on Cooldown. The initial countdown will not start until you leave the fountain.
PASSIVE - If you receive a kill or assist on an Enemy God all of your non-ultimate cooldowns are reduced by 2 seconds and your ultimate cooldown is reduced by 6 seconds.
PASSIVE - Your next successful damaging ability on an enemy god grants a stack of Wisdom. For each stack of Wisdom you have, your abilities deal 0.1% of your Max Mana as True Damage to enemy gods. You may only gain one stack and deal damage every 2s, and can only gain stacks once per god per ability hit. Max 70 stacks.
PASSIVE - Basic Attacks and Abilities gain 15% additional Magical Power against targets below 60% Health. <n>GLYPH - Successfully hitting an enemy god with an ability calls down a meteor that lands after 1s, dealing 100 (+35% of your Magical Power) damage in a 15 unit radius. This effect can only occur once every 15s.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item removes Crowd Control Effects and makes you immune to new ones for 2s. Additionally, your active cooldowns are reduced by 3s on use. Cooldown - 140s.
Using this item makes you invulnerable to damage and healing for 1.5s, and prevents you from taking any actions. You may still move. Each instance of damage prevented in this time provides you 7% Movement Speed for 4s, stacking up to 3 times. Cooldown - 140s.
PASSIVE - Your Basic Attacks benefit from an additional 20% Physical Penetration.
PASSIVE - Lifestealing from enemies while at full Health grants you the value healed as a Shield, which may not exceed 15% of your Maximum Health.
PASSIVE - Basic Attacks against an enemy reduce your target's Physical Protection by 7% for 3s (max. 4 stacks). <n>GLYPH - Successfully hitting an Enemy God will afflict them with a stack of poison for 3s (max. 4 stacks). This poison reduces their healing by 10% and Shields applied on them are reduced by 12.5%.
PASSIVE - When you hit an enemy god with a Basic Attack, gain a permanent stacking Attack Speed buff. Each stack grants 0.25% Attack Speed for a max of 999 stacks.
PASSIVE - Once every 3s, your next Basic Attack will deal an additional 25% damage as Physical Ability damage. This damage can trigger ability item effects.
PASSIVE - Your Critical Hits provide you with 10% Physical Penetration for 4s.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item removes Crowd Control Effects and makes you immune to new ones for 2s. Cooldown - 140s. <font color='#f59b56'>Deal instances of damage or Crowd Control to enemy Gods to upgrade this Relic for free. You may only gain one stack per second.
Using this item makes you invulnerable to damage and healing for 1.5s, and prevents you from taking any actions. You may still move. Cooldown - 170s. <font color='#f59b56'>Kill or assist minions to upgrade this Relic for free.
PASSIVE - Enemies hit by your damaging Abilities take an additional 40 Physical Damage over 2s. Subsequent hits on the same target do half the bonus damage for the next 3s. Can be upgraded at level 20.
PASSIVE - Your Basic Attack projectile speed is increased by 40%. This item is only available to Hunters and Mages.
PASSIVE - While below 60% Health, you gain an additional 22.5% Physical Lifesteal for 5 seconds. Can only occur once every 15 seconds.
PASSIVE - Your Basic Attacks benefit from an additional 20% Physical Penetration.
PASSIVE - When critically striking an enemy, gain a stack of 5 Physical Power, max 3 stacks, for 5s.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item removes Crowd Control Effects and makes you immune to new ones for 2s. Additionally, your active cooldowns are reduced by 3s on use. Cooldown - 140s.
Using this item will allow you to teleport up to 45 units away instantly, leaving behind a trail of wildfire that burns Enemies that pass through it for 20 (+ 4 per level) True Damage every 0.5s for the next 4s. Additionally, enemies hit have their Movement and Attack Speed Slowed by 15%. These effects persist for 1.5s after leaving the flames. This item can not be used if you have taken or dealt damage in the last 3s. Cooldown - 120s.
PASSIVE - When you hit an enemy god with Hard Crowd Control, they drop Spikes on the ground that lasts for 7s. When you or an allied god pick up a Spike, they gain a buff that causes their next ability to deal bonus Magic damage equal to 3% of their own Max HP. This effect lasts 15s and is doubled if you are the one who picks up the Spike.
PASSIVE - For 8s after using an ability, your next Basic Attack will deal an additional 25% damage. Abilities that function like basic attacks do not benefit from this. PASSIVE - This item grants 2.5 MP5 per 10% of your missing Mana.
PASSIVE - Enemies hit by your Abilities have 40% reduced healing for 5 seconds. Getting a kill or assist on an enemy god creates a field that lasts 10s, providing allies within it 20 Power + 2 Per level. This effect can only occur once every 10 seconds.
PASSIVE - Protects you from a single hard Crowd Control effect once every 70 seconds. When this occurs, you gain 1s of Crowd Control immunity. <n>GLYPH - If an enemy God consumes your passive, they become Marked for Revenge for 5s, causing them to receive 10% more damage and granting allied Gods within 40 units 20% increased Movement Speed towards them.
PASSIVE - For every non-ultimate ability on cooldown you gain a stack of Cruelty. Each stack provides 7 Physical Power and 3% Physical Lifesteal.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item removes Crowd Control Effects and makes you immune to new ones for 2s. Cooldown - 170s. <font color='#f59b56'>Kill or assist minions to upgrade this Relic for free.
Using this item will allow you to teleport up to 45 units away instantly. This item can not be used if you have taken or dealt damage in the last 3s. Cooldown - 140s. <font color='#f59b56'>Kill or assist minions to upgrade this Relic for free.
PASSIVE - Enemies hit by your damaging Abilities take an additional 40 Physical Damage over 2s. Subsequent hits on the same target do half the bonus damage for the next 3s. Can be upgraded at level 20.
PASSIVE - For 8s after using an ability, your next Basic Attack will deal an additional 25% damage. Abilities that function like basic attacks do not benefit from this. PASSIVE - This item grants 2.5 MP5 per 10% of your missing Mana.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item removes Crowd Control Effects and makes you immune to new ones for 2s. Cooldown - 140s. <font color='#f59b56'>Deal instances of damage or Crowd Control to enemy Gods to upgrade this Relic for free. You may only gain one stack per second.
Using this item makes you invulnerable to damage and healing for 1.5s, and prevents you from taking any actions. You may still move. Cooldown - 140s. <font color='#f59b56'>Deal instances of damage or Crowd Control to enemy Gods to upgrade this Relic for free. You may only gain one stack per second.
PASSIVE - Every 10s the Pendant activates, subtracting 1s from all of your abilities currently on Cooldown. The initial countdown will not start until you leave the fountain.
PASSIVE - If you receive a kill or assist on an Enemy God all of your non-ultimate cooldowns are reduced by 2 seconds and your ultimate cooldown is reduced by 6 seconds.
PASSIVE - Enemies hit by your abilities have 40% reduced healing for 5 seconds. Your next successful damaging ability on an enemy triggers a chain lightning, damaging the target and up to 4 nearby enemies for 40 damage + 10% of your Magical Power. This can only occur once every 20 seconds.
PASSIVE - Basic Attacks and Abilities gain 15% additional Magical Power against targets below 60% Health.
PASSIVE - Your abilities deal an additional 1% of the target's maximum Health as Magical Damage. If the target has over 2000 Health, your ability bonus damage scales up. This effect reaches a maximum of 9% Maximum Health damage at 2750 Health. Subsequent hits on the same target do half the bonus damage for the next 3s.
PASSIVE - On leveling up, heal 15% of your Maximum Health and Mana over 3s.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item removes Crowd Control Effects and makes you immune to new ones for 2s. Cooldown - 170s. <font color='#f59b56'>Kill or assist minions to upgrade this Relic for free.
Using this item makes you invulnerable to damage and healing for 1.5s, and prevents you from taking any actions. You may still move. Cooldown - 170s. <font color='#f59b56'>Kill or assist minions to upgrade this Relic for free.
PASSIVE - Damaging any enemy with an ability restores 2 health and 6 mana. Can only trigger once per target per ability. Can be upgraded at level 20.
PASSIVE - On god kill or assist a coin is flipped. If heads, you gain a stack of 7 HP5. If tails, you gain a stack of 2% Movement Speed. Each effect can stack up to 4 times and at 8 stacks this item evolves. You also gain 15 gold every time the coin is flipped.
PASSIVE - If you receive a kill or assist on an Enemy God all of your non-ultimate cooldowns are reduced by 2 seconds and your ultimate cooldown is reduced by 6 seconds.
PASSIVE - Every 10s the Pendant activates, subtracting 1s from all of your abilities currently on Cooldown. The initial countdown will not start until you leave the fountain.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item removes Crowd Control Effects and makes you immune to new ones for 2s. Additionally, your active cooldowns are reduced by 3s on use. Cooldown - 140s.
Using this item will allow you to teleport up to 45 units away instantly, leaving behind a trail of wildfire that burns Enemies that pass through it for 20 (+ 4 per level) True Damage every 0.5s for the next 4s. Additionally, enemies hit have their Movement and Attack Speed Slowed by 15%. These effects persist for 1.5s after leaving the flames. This item can not be used if you have taken or dealt damage in the last 3s. Cooldown - 120s.
PASSIVE - Enemies hit by your damaging Abilities take bonus damage equal to an additional 35% of your Physical Power over 1s. Subsequent hits on the same target do half the bonus damage for the next 3s.
PASSIVE - For 8s after using an ability, your next Basic Attack will deal an additional 25% damage. Abilities that function like basic attacks do not benefit from this. PASSIVE - This item grants 2.5 MP5 per 10% of your missing Mana.
PASSIVE - Killing an enemy god forges a shield from their blood with Health equal to 200 + 10 per Player Level for 20s. While the Blood Shield is active you gain +10% Movement Speed.
PASSIVE - Enemies hit by your Abilities have 40% reduced healing for 5 seconds. Getting a kill or assist on an enemy god creates a field that lasts 10s, providing allies within it 20 Power + 2 Per level. This effect can only occur once every 10 seconds.
PASSIVE - Protects you from a single hard Crowd Control effect once every 70 seconds. When this occurs, you gain 1s of Crowd Control immunity. <n>GLYPH - If an enemy God consumes your passive, they become Marked for Revenge for 5s, causing them to receive 10% more damage and granting allied Gods within 40 units 20% increased Movement Speed towards them.
PASSIVE - Your abilities deal an additional 2% of the targets maximum Health as Physical Damage. If you have over 150 Physical Power, your ability bonus damage scales up. This effect reaches a maximum of 6% Maximum Health damage at 250 Physical Power. Subsequent hits on the same target do 75% of the bonus damage for the next 3s.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item removes Crowd Control Effects and makes you immune to new ones for 2s. Cooldown - 170s. <font color='#f59b56'>Kill or assist minions to upgrade this Relic for free.
Using this item makes you invulnerable to damage and healing for 1.5s, and prevents you from taking any actions. You may still move. Cooldown - 170s. <font color='#f59b56'>Kill or assist minions to upgrade this Relic for free.
PASSIVE - Every 10s the Pendant activates, subtracting 1s from all of your abilities currently on Cooldown. The initial countdown will not start until you leave the fountain.
PASSIVE - If you receive a kill or assist on an Enemy God all of your non-ultimate cooldowns are reduced by 2 seconds and your ultimate cooldown is reduced by 6 seconds.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item removes Crowd Control Effects and makes you immune to new ones for 2s. Cooldown - 140s. <font color='#f59b56'>Deal instances of damage or Crowd Control to enemy Gods to upgrade this Relic for free. You may only gain one stack per second.
Using this item makes you invulnerable to damage and healing for 1.5s, and prevents you from taking any actions. You may still move. Cooldown - 140s. <font color='#f59b56'>Deal instances of damage or Crowd Control to enemy Gods to upgrade this Relic for free. You may only gain one stack per second.
PASSIVE - Every 0.5 seconds you gain a stack of Arcane Energy, causing your next damaging ability to deal an additional 2 True Damage and remove all stacks. Also deals an additional 1 true damage per stack to minions. This effect stacks up to 20 times. Can be upgraded at level 20.
PASSIVE - On god kill or assist a coin is flipped. If heads, you gain 150 Health over 6 seconds. If tails, you gain 5% Movement Speed for 6 seconds. You also gain 15 gold every time the coin is flipped.
PASSIVE - Every 10s the Pendant activates, subtracting 1s from all of your abilities currently on Cooldown. The initial countdown will not start until you leave the fountain.
PASSIVE - If you receive a kill or assist on an Enemy God all of your non-ultimate cooldowns are reduced by 2 seconds and your ultimate cooldown is reduced by 6 seconds.
PASSIVE - Your abilities deal an additional 1% of the target's maximum Health as Magical Damage. If the target has over 2000 Health, your ability bonus damage scales up. This effect reaches a maximum of 9% Maximum Health damage at 2750 Health. Subsequent hits on the same target do half the bonus damage for the next 3s.
PASSIVE - Restore 1% of your Maximum Mana upon damaging an enemy god with an ability, once per god.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item removes Crowd Control Effects and makes you immune to new ones for 2s. Cooldown - 140s. <font color='#f59b56'>Deal instances of damage or Crowd Control to enemy Gods to upgrade this Relic for free. You may only gain one stack per second.
Using this item makes you invulnerable to damage and healing for 1.5s, and prevents you from taking any actions. You may still move. Cooldown - 170s. <font color='#f59b56'>Kill or assist minions to upgrade this Relic for free.
PASSIVE - For 8s after using an ability, your next Basic Attack will deal an additional 25% damage. Abilities that function like basic attacks do not benefit from this. PASSIVE - This item grants 2.5 MP5 per 10% of your missing Mana.
PASSIVE - Enemies hit by your damaging Abilities take bonus damage equal to an additional 35% of your Physical Power over 1s. Subsequent hits on the same target do half the bonus damage for the next 3s.
PASSIVE - Killing an enemy god forges a shield from their blood with Health equal to 200 + 10 per Player Level for 20s. While the Blood Shield is active you gain +10% Movement Speed.
PASSIVE - Protects you from a single hard Crowd Control effect once every 70 seconds. When this occurs, you gain 1s of Crowd Control immunity.
PASSIVE - When you hit an enemy god with Hard Crowd Control, they drop Spikes on the ground that lasts for 7s. When you or an allied god pick up a Spike, they gain a buff that causes their next ability to deal bonus Magic damage equal to 3% of their own Max HP. This effect lasts 15s and is doubled if you are the one who picks up the Spike.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item removes Crowd Control Effects and makes you immune to new ones for 2s. Cooldown - 170s. <font color='#f59b56'>Kill or assist minions to upgrade this Relic for free.
Using this item will allow you to teleport up to 45 units away instantly. This item can not be used if you have taken or dealt damage in the last 3s. Cooldown - 140s. <font color='#f59b56'>Kill or assist minions to upgrade this Relic for free.
PASSIVE - Enemies hit by your damaging Abilities take an additional 40 Physical Damage over 2s. Subsequent hits on the same target do half the bonus damage for the next 3s. Can be upgraded at level 20.
PASSIVE - For 8s after using an ability, your next Basic Attack will deal an additional 25% damage. Abilities that function like basic attacks do not benefit from this. PASSIVE - This item grants 2.5 MP5 per 10% of your missing Mana.
PASSIVE - Your abilities heal you for 4% of damage dealt.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item removes Crowd Control Effects and makes you immune to new ones for 2s. Additionally, your active cooldowns are reduced by 3s on use. Cooldown - 140s.
Using this item makes you invulnerable to damage and healing for 1.5s, and prevents you from taking any actions. You may still move. Each instance of damage prevented in this time provides you 7% Movement Speed for 4s, stacking up to 3 times. Cooldown - 140s.
PASSIVE - Enemies hit by your damaging abilities take an additional 160 Physical Damage over 2s. Enemy gods take an additional 10% of their Current Health as Physical Damage over 2s. Subsequent hits on the same target do half the bonus damage for the next 3s.
GLYPH - If you drop beneath 60% health, gain 15% Movement Speed and 30% Physical Ability Lifesteal for 8s. This effect may only occur once every 15s.
PASSIVE - For 8s after using an ability, your next Basic Attack will deal an additional 25% damage. Abilities that function like basic attacks do not benefit from this. PASSIVE - This item grants 2.5 MP5 per 10% of your missing Mana.
PASSIVE - Lifestealing from enemies while at full Health grants you the value healed as a Shield, which may not exceed 15% of your Maximum Health.
PASSIVE - Enemies hit by your Abilities have 40% reduced healing for 5 seconds. Getting a kill or assist on an enemy god creates a field that lasts 10s, providing allies within it 20 Power + 2 Per level. This effect can only occur once every 10 seconds.
PASSIVE - When you hit an enemy god with Hard Crowd Control, they drop Spikes on the ground that lasts for 7s. When you or an allied god pick up a Spike, they gain a buff that causes their next ability to deal bonus Magic damage equal to 3% of their own Max HP. This effect lasts 15s and is doubled if you are the one who picks up the Spike.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item will allow you to teleport up to 45 units away instantly, leaving behind a trail of wildfire that burns Enemies that pass through it for 20 (+ 4 per level) True Damage every 0.5s for the next 4s. Additionally, enemies hit have their Movement and Attack Speed Slowed by 15%. These effects persist for 1.5s after leaving the flames. This item can not be used if you have taken or dealt damage in the last 3s. Cooldown - 120s.
Using this item removes Crowd Control Effects and makes you immune to new ones for 2s. Cooldown - 140s. <font color='#f59b56'>Deal instances of damage or Crowd Control to enemy Gods to upgrade this Relic for free. You may only gain one stack per second.
PASSIVE - If you receive a kill or assist on an Enemy God all of your non-ultimate cooldowns are reduced by 2 seconds and your ultimate cooldown is reduced by 6 seconds.
PASSIVE - Every 10s the Pendant activates, subtracting 1s from all of your abilities currently on Cooldown. The initial countdown will not start until you leave the fountain.
PASSIVE - Enemies hit by your abilities have 40% reduced healing for 5 seconds. Your next successful damaging ability on an enemy triggers a chain lightning, damaging the target and up to 4 nearby enemies for 40 damage + 10% of your Magical Power. This can only occur once every 20 seconds.
PASSIVE - Your abilities deal an additional 1% of the target's maximum Health as Magical Damage. If the target has over 2000 Health, your ability bonus damage scales up. This effect reaches a maximum of 9% Maximum Health damage at 2750 Health. Subsequent hits on the same target do half the bonus damage for the next 3s.
PASSIVE - Killing or assisting an enemy minion provides you with 1 stack, granting 1% Movement Speed and 4 Magical Power per stack. Stacks last for 15s and stack up to 5 times. Enemy gods provide 5 stacks.
PASSIVE - On successful hit of an Ability you gain 1 stack. At 3 Stacks your next Ability that damages an enemy God will deal bonus damage equal to 25% of your Magical power to each God hit, and will heal yourself and allies within 20 units for 30 (+5 Per Level) and will consume the 3 stacks.