Player Avatar
13
Birdi397

NA - Updated 2 years ago

Normal: Arena - 2 years ago
18m
+90
Elo

What is Elo+ (Elo Plus)?

This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.

The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.

+233 SR
View Match
2 / 5 / 9
1.3 KDA
Hercules
Level 20 / 15,703G
Warrior's Axe

Warrior's Axe

+15
Physical Power
+15
Magical Power
+10
Physical Protection
+10
Magical Protection

PASSIVE - Damaging an enemy god deals 25 (+1.5 per level) damage and restores 25 (+1.5 per level) Health and Mana. This effect can only occur once every 10s. Can be upgraded at level 20.

Shield of Regrowth (Deprecated)

Shield of Regrowth (Deprecated)

+300
Health
+15
Hp 5
+15
Mp 5
+10%
Cooldown Reduction

PASSIVE - After healing yourself from an ability, you gain 30% movement speed, 15 Physical Power, and 30 Magical Power for 4 seconds. This cannot occur more than once every 10 seconds.

Breastplate of Determination

Breastplate of Determination

+50
Physical Protection
+300
Mana
+15
Mp 5
+20%
Cooldown Reduction

GLYPH - Each time you are hit by an ability, gain a stack of 5 Protections that corresponds to the damage type you were hit with, up to a max of 4 of each type. Once you reach max stacks of both kinds, gain a burst of 20% Movement Speed and double your Protections gained by this effect for 8s, after which all stacks are removed.

Talisman of Energy

Talisman of Energy

+50
Magical Protection
+250
Health

PASSIVE - Getting a kill or assist on enemies causes you and allies within 70 units to gain stacks of energy. Energy stacks provide 3% Movement Speed, 3% Attack Speed, and 15MP5 per stack. Lasts 10s and stacks up to 4 times. Killing or Assisting an enemy God provides maximum stacks.

Jotunn's Wrath

Jotunn's Wrath

+40
Physical Power
+150
Mana
+10
Physical Penetration
+20%
Cooldown Reduction

Normal: Joust - 2 years ago
24m
+43
Elo

What is Elo+ (Elo Plus)?

This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.

The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.

+30 SR
View Match
1 / 3 / 9
1.83 KDA
Ymir
Level 20 / 16,485G
Sentinel's Embrace

Sentinel's Embrace

+25
Physical Protection
+25
Magical Protection
+150
Health
+20
Mp 5

AURA - You gain 8 GP5 if you have the lowest gold on your team. Evenly split 80 Physical and Magical Protection among all allied gods within 70 units and yourself. If you are alone you only gain 30 Physical and Magical Protections.

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

+200
Health
+45
Physical Protection
+45
Magical Protection
+15
Hp 5

AURA - Allies within 70 units receive 10 Physical Protection and 10 Magical Protection.

Emperor's Armor

Emperor's Armor

+50
Physical Protection
+250
Health

AURA - Damageable enemy structures within 55 units have their Attack Speed reduced by 30%. Damageable allied structures within 55 units have their Attack Speed increased by 30%.

Void Doumaru

Void Doumaru

+60
Magical Protection
+150
Health
+35
Mp 5
+20%
Crowd Control Reduction

AURA - Enemy gods within 55 units have their Magical Protection reduced by 10%.

Pridwen

Pridwen

+25
Physical Protection
+25
Magical Protection
+20%
Cooldown Reduction

PASSIVE - When your Ultimate ability has finished casting, you gain a Shield equal to 90% of your Protections from items and abilities for 5s. When destroyed, by timing out or being depleted, it explodes in a 30 unit radius and deals Magical damage equal to 75% of your Protections from items and abilities and slows targets by 25% for 3s. This can only occur once every 45 seconds.

Y10 Polynomicon

Y10 Polynomicon

+65
Magical Power
+300
Mana
+8%
Magical Lifesteal

PASSIVE - Using an ability gives your next Basic Attack within the next 8 seconds +75% of your Magical Power as additional Magical Damage. The effect can only apply once every 2 seconds.

Normal: Joust - 2 years ago
15m
+26
Elo

What is Elo+ (Elo Plus)?

This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.

The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.

+56 SR
View Match
Y10 Blink Rune

Y10 Blink Rune

Using this item will allow you to teleport up to 45 units away instantly. This item can not be used if you have taken or dealt damage in the last 3s. Cooldown - 140s.

0 / 4 / 7
0.88 KDA
Ymir
Level 15 / 10,353G
Sentinel's Gift

Sentinel's Gift

+10
Physical Protection
+10
Magical Protection
+100
Health
+7
Mp 5

PASSIVE - Getting the assist for an enemy minion or jungle monster dying will provide 8 Bonus gold and restore 12 Health and 8 Mana. If you are not within 30 units of an allied god for 20 seconds this passive is disabled until you are near an allied god again. Can be upgraded at level 15.

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

+200
Health
+45
Physical Protection
+45
Magical Protection
+15
Hp 5

AURA - Allies within 70 units receive 10 Physical Protection and 10 Magical Protection.

Emperor's Armor

Emperor's Armor

+50
Physical Protection
+250
Health

AURA - Damageable enemy structures within 55 units have their Attack Speed reduced by 30%. Damageable allied structures within 55 units have their Attack Speed increased by 30%.

Void Doumaru

Void Doumaru

+60
Magical Protection
+150
Health
+35
Mp 5
+20%
Crowd Control Reduction

AURA - Enemy gods within 55 units have their Magical Protection reduced by 10%.

Knight's Shield

Knight's Shield

+25
Physical Protection
+25
Magical Protection
+10%
Cooldown Reduction

Normal: Joust - 2 years ago
17m
+47
Elo

What is Elo+ (Elo Plus)?

This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.

The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.

+52 SR
View Match
Y10 Blink Rune

Y10 Blink Rune

Using this item will allow you to teleport up to 45 units away instantly. This item can not be used if you have taken or dealt damage in the last 3s. Cooldown - 140s.

1 / 2 / 9
2.75 KDA
Ymir
Level 17 / 12,043G
Sentinel's Gift

Sentinel's Gift

+10
Physical Protection
+10
Magical Protection
+100
Health
+7
Mp 5

PASSIVE - Getting the assist for an enemy minion or jungle monster dying will provide 8 Bonus gold and restore 12 Health and 8 Mana. If you are not within 30 units of an allied god for 20 seconds this passive is disabled until you are near an allied god again. Can be upgraded at level 15.

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

+200
Health
+45
Physical Protection
+45
Magical Protection
+15
Hp 5

AURA - Allies within 70 units receive 10 Physical Protection and 10 Magical Protection.

Emperor's Armor

Emperor's Armor

+50
Physical Protection
+250
Health

AURA - Damageable enemy structures within 55 units have their Attack Speed reduced by 30%. Damageable allied structures within 55 units have their Attack Speed increased by 30%.

Void Doumaru

Void Doumaru

+60
Magical Protection
+150
Health
+35
Mp 5
+20%
Crowd Control Reduction

AURA - Enemy gods within 55 units have their Magical Protection reduced by 10%.

Pridwen

Pridwen

+25
Physical Protection
+25
Magical Protection
+20%
Cooldown Reduction

PASSIVE - When your Ultimate ability has finished casting, you gain a Shield equal to 90% of your Protections from items and abilities for 5s. When destroyed, by timing out or being depleted, it explodes in a 30 unit radius and deals Magical damage equal to 75% of your Protections from items and abilities and slows targets by 25% for 3s. This can only occur once every 45 seconds.

Spellbook

Spellbook

+20
Magical Power
+75
Mana

Normal: Joust - 2 years ago
16m
+80
Elo

What is Elo+ (Elo Plus)?

This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.

The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.

+159 SR
View Match
Y10 Purification Beads

Y10 Purification Beads

Using this item removes Crowd Control Effects and makes you immune to new ones for 2s. Cooldown - 170s.

Y10 Aegis Amulet

Y10 Aegis Amulet

Using this item makes you invulnerable to damage and healing for 1.5s, and prevents you from taking any actions. You may still move. Cooldown - 170s.

1 / 3 / 1
0.5 KDA
Neith
Level 15 / 9,682G
Y10 Evolved Transcendence

Y10 Evolved Transcendence

+25
Physical Power
+1050
Mana
+10
Mp 5
+10%
Cooldown Reduction

PASSIVE - You gain Physical Power equal to 2% of your Maximum Mana.

Qin's Sais

Qin's Sais

+30
Physical Power
+25%
Attack Speed

PASSIVE - On Basic Attack hits, deal Physical Damage equal to 1.5% of the target's maximum Health. If the target has over 2000 Health, the bonus damage scales up. This effect reaches a maximum of 6% of the targets Maximum Health at 2750 Health.

Normal: Joust - 2 years ago
12m
-55
Elo

What is Elo+ (Elo Plus)?

This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.

The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.

-65 SR
View Match
Y10 Blink Rune

Y10 Blink Rune

Using this item will allow you to teleport up to 45 units away instantly. This item can not be used if you have taken or dealt damage in the last 3s. Cooldown - 140s.

0 / 6 / 2
0.17 KDA
Ymir
Level 10 / 7,718G
Sentinel's Gift

Sentinel's Gift

+10
Physical Protection
+10
Magical Protection
+100
Health
+7
Mp 5

PASSIVE - Getting the assist for an enemy minion or jungle monster dying will provide 8 Bonus gold and restore 12 Health and 8 Mana. If you are not within 30 units of an allied god for 20 seconds this passive is disabled until you are near an allied god again. Can be upgraded at level 15.

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

+200
Health
+45
Physical Protection
+45
Magical Protection
+15
Hp 5

AURA - Allies within 70 units receive 10 Physical Protection and 10 Magical Protection.

Emperor's Armor

Emperor's Armor

+50
Physical Protection
+250
Health

AURA - Damageable enemy structures within 55 units have their Attack Speed reduced by 30%. Damageable allied structures within 55 units have their Attack Speed increased by 30%.

Void Doumaru

Void Doumaru

+60
Magical Protection
+150
Health
+35
Mp 5
+20%
Crowd Control Reduction

AURA - Enemy gods within 55 units have their Magical Protection reduced by 10%.

Normal: Joust - 2 years ago
16m
-122
Elo

What is Elo+ (Elo Plus)?

This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.

The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.

-83 SR
View Match
Y10 Blink Rune

Y10 Blink Rune

Using this item will allow you to teleport up to 45 units away instantly. This item can not be used if you have taken or dealt damage in the last 3s. Cooldown - 140s.

0 / 4 / 3
0.38 KDA
Ymir
Level 15 / 10,130G
Sentinel's Gift

Sentinel's Gift

+10
Physical Protection
+10
Magical Protection
+100
Health
+7
Mp 5

PASSIVE - Getting the assist for an enemy minion or jungle monster dying will provide 8 Bonus gold and restore 12 Health and 8 Mana. If you are not within 30 units of an allied god for 20 seconds this passive is disabled until you are near an allied god again. Can be upgraded at level 15.

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

+200
Health
+45
Physical Protection
+45
Magical Protection
+15
Hp 5

AURA - Allies within 70 units receive 10 Physical Protection and 10 Magical Protection.

Emperor's Armor

Emperor's Armor

+50
Physical Protection
+250
Health

AURA - Damageable enemy structures within 55 units have their Attack Speed reduced by 30%. Damageable allied structures within 55 units have their Attack Speed increased by 30%.

Void Doumaru

Void Doumaru

+60
Magical Protection
+150
Health
+35
Mp 5
+20%
Crowd Control Reduction

AURA - Enemy gods within 55 units have their Magical Protection reduced by 10%.

Knight's Shield

Knight's Shield

+25
Physical Protection
+25
Magical Protection
+10%
Cooldown Reduction

Normal: Joust - 2 years ago
21m
+85
Elo

What is Elo+ (Elo Plus)?

This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.

The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.

+67 SR
View Match
Y10 Blink Rune

Y10 Blink Rune

Using this item will allow you to teleport up to 45 units away instantly. This item can not be used if you have taken or dealt damage in the last 3s. Cooldown - 140s.

1 / 6 / 8
0.83 KDA
Ymir
Level 16 / 13,374G
Sentinel's Gift

Sentinel's Gift

+10
Physical Protection
+10
Magical Protection
+100
Health
+7
Mp 5

PASSIVE - Getting the assist for an enemy minion or jungle monster dying will provide 8 Bonus gold and restore 12 Health and 8 Mana. If you are not within 30 units of an allied god for 20 seconds this passive is disabled until you are near an allied god again. Can be upgraded at level 15.

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

+200
Health
+45
Physical Protection
+45
Magical Protection
+15
Hp 5

AURA - Allies within 70 units receive 10 Physical Protection and 10 Magical Protection.

Emperor's Armor

Emperor's Armor

+50
Physical Protection
+250
Health

AURA - Damageable enemy structures within 55 units have their Attack Speed reduced by 30%. Damageable allied structures within 55 units have their Attack Speed increased by 30%.

Void Doumaru

Void Doumaru

+60
Magical Protection
+150
Health
+35
Mp 5
+20%
Crowd Control Reduction

AURA - Enemy gods within 55 units have their Magical Protection reduced by 10%.

Pridwen

Pridwen

+25
Physical Protection
+25
Magical Protection
+20%
Cooldown Reduction

PASSIVE - When your Ultimate ability has finished casting, you gain a Shield equal to 90% of your Protections from items and abilities for 5s. When destroyed, by timing out or being depleted, it explodes in a 30 unit radius and deals Magical damage equal to 75% of your Protections from items and abilities and slows targets by 25% for 3s. This can only occur once every 45 seconds.

Book of Souls

Book of Souls

+55
Magical Power
+150
Mana

PASSIVE - Gain a stack each time you damage an enemy god with an ability or Basic Attack. At 4 stacks, your next ability or Basic Attack deals 20 + 4 per level Magical damage.

Normal: Joust - 2 years ago
13m
+117
Elo

What is Elo+ (Elo Plus)?

This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.

The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.

+120 SR
View Match
Y10 Blink Rune

Y10 Blink Rune

Using this item will allow you to teleport up to 45 units away instantly. This item can not be used if you have taken or dealt damage in the last 3s. Cooldown - 140s.

3 / 2 / 9
3.75 KDA
Ymir
Level 15 / 10,164G
Sentinel's Gift

Sentinel's Gift

+10
Physical Protection
+10
Magical Protection
+100
Health
+7
Mp 5

PASSIVE - Getting the assist for an enemy minion or jungle monster dying will provide 8 Bonus gold and restore 12 Health and 8 Mana. If you are not within 30 units of an allied god for 20 seconds this passive is disabled until you are near an allied god again. Can be upgraded at level 15.

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

+200
Health
+45
Physical Protection
+45
Magical Protection
+15
Hp 5

AURA - Allies within 70 units receive 10 Physical Protection and 10 Magical Protection.

Emperor's Armor

Emperor's Armor

+50
Physical Protection
+250
Health

AURA - Damageable enemy structures within 55 units have their Attack Speed reduced by 30%. Damageable allied structures within 55 units have their Attack Speed increased by 30%.

Void Doumaru

Void Doumaru

+60
Magical Protection
+150
Health
+35
Mp 5
+20%
Crowd Control Reduction

AURA - Enemy gods within 55 units have their Magical Protection reduced by 10%.

Normal: Arena - 2 years ago
15m
-126
Elo

What is Elo+ (Elo Plus)?

This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.

The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.

-221 SR
View Match
Y10 Greater Aegis Amulet

Y10 Greater Aegis Amulet

Using this item makes you invulnerable to damage and healing for 1.5s, and prevents you from taking any actions. You may still move. Cooldown - 140s.

0 / 17 / 9
0.26 KDA
Poseidon
Level 20 / 13,744G
Sands of Time

Sands of Time

+25
Magical Power
+10
Mp 5
+10%
Cooldown Reduction

PASSIVE - This item grants 2 MP5 per 10% of your missing Mana. Your damaging abilities deal an extra 15 true damage to minions. Can be upgraded at level 20.

Chronos' Pendant

Chronos' Pendant

+70
Magical Power
+20
Mp 5
+20%
Cooldown Reduction

PASSIVE - Every 10s the Pendant activates, subtracting 1s from all of your abilities currently on Cooldown. The initial countdown will not start until you leave the fountain.

Spear of Desolation

Spear of Desolation

+80
Magical Power
+15
Magical Penetration
+10%
Cooldown Reduction

PASSIVE - If you receive a kill or assist on an Enemy God all of your non-ultimate cooldowns are reduced by 2 seconds and your ultimate cooldown is reduced by 6 seconds.

Gem of Isolation

Gem of Isolation

+70
Magical Power
+200
Health
+10%
Crowd Control Reduction

PASSIVE - Enemies hit by your damaging abilities will move 30% Slower and will have Shields applied on them reduced by 50% for 2.5 seconds. This can only occur once every 2.5 seconds.

Y10 Spear of the Magus

Y10 Spear of the Magus

+75
Magical Power
+8%
Magical Lifesteal
+10
Magical Penetration

PASSIVE - Whenever you damage an enemy god with an ability you mark them to take 5% increased damage from all sources. This effect lasts for 8s and can only occur once every 15s.

Lost Artifact

Lost Artifact

+20
Magical Power
+5
Mp 5

Normal: Joust - 2 years ago
17m
-190
Elo

What is Elo+ (Elo Plus)?

This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.

The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.

-63 SR
View Match
Y10 Blink Rune

Y10 Blink Rune

Using this item will allow you to teleport up to 45 units away instantly. This item can not be used if you have taken or dealt damage in the last 3s. Cooldown - 140s.

0 / 5 / 5
0.5 KDA
Ymir
Level 15 / 11,204G
Sentinel's Gift

Sentinel's Gift

+10
Physical Protection
+10
Magical Protection
+100
Health
+7
Mp 5

PASSIVE - Getting the assist for an enemy minion or jungle monster dying will provide 8 Bonus gold and restore 12 Health and 8 Mana. If you are not within 30 units of an allied god for 20 seconds this passive is disabled until you are near an allied god again. Can be upgraded at level 15.

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

+200
Health
+45
Physical Protection
+45
Magical Protection
+15
Hp 5

AURA - Allies within 70 units receive 10 Physical Protection and 10 Magical Protection.

Emperor's Armor

Emperor's Armor

+50
Physical Protection
+250
Health

AURA - Damageable enemy structures within 55 units have their Attack Speed reduced by 30%. Damageable allied structures within 55 units have their Attack Speed increased by 30%.

Void Doumaru

Void Doumaru

+60
Magical Protection
+150
Health
+35
Mp 5
+20%
Crowd Control Reduction

AURA - Enemy gods within 55 units have their Magical Protection reduced by 10%.

Pridwen

Pridwen

+25
Physical Protection
+25
Magical Protection
+20%
Cooldown Reduction

PASSIVE - When your Ultimate ability has finished casting, you gain a Shield equal to 90% of your Protections from items and abilities for 5s. When destroyed, by timing out or being depleted, it explodes in a 30 unit radius and deals Magical damage equal to 75% of your Protections from items and abilities and slows targets by 25% for 3s. This can only occur once every 45 seconds.

Spellbook

Spellbook

+20
Magical Power
+75
Mana

Normal: Arena - 2 years ago
13m
+182
Elo

What is Elo+ (Elo Plus)?

This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.

The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.

+198 SR
View Match
Y10 Greater Blink Rune

Y10 Greater Blink Rune

Using this item will allow you to teleport up to 45 units away instantly. This item can not be used if you have taken or dealt damage in the last 3s. Cooldown - 120s.

1 / 3 / 25
4.5 KDA
Ymir
Level 20 / 14,200G
Sentinel's Embrace

Sentinel's Embrace

+25
Physical Protection
+25
Magical Protection
+150
Health
+20
Mp 5

AURA - You gain 8 GP5 if you have the lowest gold on your team. Evenly split 80 Physical and Magical Protection among all allied gods within 70 units and yourself. If you are alone you only gain 30 Physical and Magical Protections.

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

+200
Health
+45
Physical Protection
+45
Magical Protection
+15
Hp 5

AURA - Allies within 70 units receive 10 Physical Protection and 10 Magical Protection.

Breastplate of Determination

Breastplate of Determination

+50
Physical Protection
+300
Mana
+15
Mp 5
+20%
Cooldown Reduction

GLYPH - Each time you are hit by an ability, gain a stack of 5 Protections that corresponds to the damage type you were hit with, up to a max of 4 of each type. Once you reach max stacks of both kinds, gain a burst of 20% Movement Speed and double your Protections gained by this effect for 8s, after which all stacks are removed.

Void Doumaru

Void Doumaru

+60
Magical Protection
+150
Health
+35
Mp 5
+20%
Crowd Control Reduction

AURA - Enemy gods within 55 units have their Magical Protection reduced by 10%.

Relic Dagger

Relic Dagger

+300
Health
+10%
Cooldown Reduction
+10%
Crowd Control Reduction
+7%
Movement Speed

PASSIVE - Your relics receive 50s Cooldown Reduction

Normal: Arena - 2 years ago
15m
-201
Elo

What is Elo+ (Elo Plus)?

This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.

The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.

-245 SR
View Match
1 / 8 / 9
0.69 KDA
Ymir
Level 20 / 15,282G
Sentinel's Gift

Sentinel's Gift

+10
Physical Protection
+10
Magical Protection
+100
Health
+7
Mp 5

PASSIVE - Getting the assist for an enemy minion or jungle monster dying will provide 8 Bonus gold and restore 12 Health and 8 Mana. If you are not within 30 units of an allied god for 20 seconds this passive is disabled until you are near an allied god again. Can be upgraded at level 15.

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

Evolved Gauntlet of Thebes

+200
Health
+45
Physical Protection
+45
Magical Protection
+15
Hp 5

AURA - Allies within 70 units receive 10 Physical Protection and 10 Magical Protection.

Breastplate of Determination

Breastplate of Determination

+50
Physical Protection
+300
Mana
+15
Mp 5
+20%
Cooldown Reduction

GLYPH - Each time you are hit by an ability, gain a stack of 5 Protections that corresponds to the damage type you were hit with, up to a max of 4 of each type. Once you reach max stacks of both kinds, gain a burst of 20% Movement Speed and double your Protections gained by this effect for 8s, after which all stacks are removed.

Void Doumaru

Void Doumaru

+60
Magical Protection
+150
Health
+35
Mp 5
+20%
Crowd Control Reduction

AURA - Enemy gods within 55 units have their Magical Protection reduced by 10%.

Relic Dagger

Relic Dagger

+300
Health
+10%
Cooldown Reduction
+10%
Crowd Control Reduction
+7%
Movement Speed

PASSIVE - Your relics receive 50s Cooldown Reduction