This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item restores 75 Health + 12 Health per level and 30% Mana to all Allied gods within 35 units. Allies affected by Meditation Cloak have their abilities' mana cost reduced by 30% and their Ability Cooldowns reduced by 1s upon use. Cooldown - 120s.
+30 Basic Attack Damage +10 MP5 +15% Attack Speed ROLE QUEST: CARRY: COMPLETED!
PASSIVE - Killing an enemy god or minion gives you stacks of +.4 Physical Power, +.2 Physical Penetration and +.1% Physical Lifesteal. You receive 5 stacks for a god kill and 1 stack for a minion kill. At 50 stacks this item Evolves, gaining 5 Physical Penetration.
PASSIVE - Critical hits on enemy gods afflict them with poison for 2s. This poison slows them by 10% and reduces their damage output by 15%.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item restores 75 Health + 12 Health per level and 30% Mana to all Allied gods within 35 units. Allies affected by Meditation Cloak have their abilities' mana cost reduced by 30% and their Ability Cooldowns reduced by 1s upon use. Cooldown - 120s.
Using this item applies a shield to himself and allies within 35 units for 100 Health + 12 Health per God Level for 3 seconds. Additionally, all allies take 50% reduced damage from Basic Attacks while the shield is active. Cooldown - 150s.
AURA - Enemy gods within 55 units have their healing reduced by 25%. This does not stack with similar Auras.
PASSIVE - Successfully hitting an enemy god with a Crowd Control ability will place a debuff on them, reducing their Physical and Magical Protections by 0.8 * your level for 5s.
PASSIVE - When your Ultimate ability has finished casting, you gain a Shield equal to 90% of your Protections from items and abilities for 5s. When destroyed, by timing out or being depleted, it explodes in a 30 unit radius and deals Magical damage equal to 75% of your Protections from items and abilities and slows targets by 25% for 3s. This can only occur once every 45 seconds.
PASSIVE - For each enemy God within 55 units of you, you gain a stack of 4% Damage Mitigation. This caps at 3 stacks.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item applies a shield to himself and allies within 35 units for 100 Health + 12 Health per God Level for 3 seconds. Additionally, all allies take 20% reduced damage from Basic Attacks while the shield is active. Cooldown - 150s.
Using this item restores 75 Health + 12 Health per level and 30% Mana to all Allied gods within 35 units. Allies affected by Meditation Cloak have their abilities' mana cost reduced by 30% and their Ability Cooldowns reduced by 1s upon use. Cooldown - 120s.
PASSIVE - Enemies hit by your abilities have 40% reduced healing for 5 seconds.
PASSIVE - Gain a stack each time you damage an enemy god with an ability or Basic Attack. At 4 stacks, your next ability or Basic Attack deals 20 + 4 per level Magical damage.
PASSIVE - On successful hit of an Ability you gain 1 stack. At 3 Stacks your next Ability that damages an enemy God will deal bonus damage equal to 20% of your Magical power to each God hit, and will heal yourself and allies within 20 units for 15 (+5 Per Level) and will consume the 3 stacks.
PASSIVE - Whenever you damage an enemy god with an ability you steal 8% maximum mana as well as 6% maximum health from the target. The Stats remain stolen for 60s and targets affected can have up to 4 Buffs and Debuffs at once. This can only occur once every 15 seconds.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
+20 Physical Power +25 Magical Power +10 Penetration ROLE QUEST: DAMAGE: COMPLETED!
PASSIVE - Killing or getting an assist on an enemy god gives you 1 stack. Each stack provides 2% Critical Strike Chance and 3 Physical Power. Stacks are permanent and stack up to 5 times.
PASSIVE - For 8 seconds after using an ability, your next basic attack will deal an additional 10% damage. The effect can only occur every 3 seconds.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item restores 75 Health + 12 Health per level and 30% Mana to all Allied gods within 35 units. Allies affected by Meditation Cloak have their abilities' mana cost reduced by 30% and their Ability Cooldowns reduced by 1s upon use. Cooldown - 120s.
Using this item applies a shield to himself and allies within 35 units for 100 Health + 12 Health per God Level for 3 seconds. Additionally, all allies take 50% reduced damage from Basic Attacks while the shield is active. Cooldown - 150s.
PASSIVE - When you take damage and are below 40% Health, you gain a Shield with health equal to 12% of your Maximum Health for 20s. Can only occur once every 60s.
PASSIVE - Every time you are damaged by a god you gain a stack that provides 3 Physical and Magical Protections. Stacks up to 7 times, Lasts 6s
AURA - Allied gods within 70 units have their Physical Protections increased by 15 and their HP5 increased by 25.
PASSIVE - Successfully hitting an enemy god with a Crowd Control ability will place a debuff on them, reducing their Physical and Magical Protections by 0.8 * your level for 5s.
AURA - Enemy gods within 55 units have their Magical Protection reduced by 10%.
AURA - Allied gods within 70 units have their Attack Speed increased by 30%.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item restores 75 Health + 12 Health per level and 30% Mana to all Allied gods within 35 units. Allies affected by Meditation Cloak have their abilities' mana cost reduced by 30% and their Ability Cooldowns reduced by 1s upon use. Cooldown - 120s.
+20 Physical Power +25 Magical Power +10 Penetration ROLE QUEST: DAMAGE: COMPLETED!
PASSIVE - On damaging an enemy god with a Basic Attack, gain 2 Physical Pen for 5s, stacks up to 3 times.
PASSIVE - Successfully Hitting an Enemy God with a Critical Strike will subtract 3s from all of your abilities currently on Cooldown, except your Ultimate ability. This effect can only happen once every 5s.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item fires a bolt that travels 70 units, stopping on the first god hit dealing 15% of the target's Current Health as True Damage and destroying any shields. Cooldown - 110s.
PASSIVE - Basic Attacks and Abilities gain 15% additional Magical Power against targets below 60% Health.
PASSIVE - On successful hit of an Ability you gain 1 stack. At 3 Stacks your next Ability that damages an enemy God will deal bonus damage equal to 20% of your Magical power to each God hit, and will heal yourself and allies within 20 units for 15 (+5 Per Level) and will consume the 3 stacks.
PASSIVE - Your abilities deal an additional 1% of the target's maximum Health as Magical Damage. If the target has over 2000 Health, your ability bonus damage scales up. This effect reaches a maximum of 9% Maximum Health damage at 2750 Health. Subsequent hits on the same target do half the bonus damage for the next 3s.
PASSIVE - Enemies hit by your abilities have 40% reduced healing for 5 seconds.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item subtracts 3s from all abilities currently on Cooldown and restores 40% Health and Mana lost within the last 5s. Cooldown - 120s.
+20 Physical Power +25 Magical Power +10 Penetration ROLE QUEST: DAMAGE: COMPLETED!
PASSIVE - Critical Strike bonus damage dealt is increased by 25%.
PASSIVE - Protects you from a single hard Crowd Control effect once every 70 seconds. When this occurs, you gain 1s of Crowd Control immunity.
PASSIVE - Your first ability cast gains 20% Physical Penetration. This can only occur once every 5 seconds.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item restores 75 Health + 12 Health per level and 30% Mana to all Allied gods within 35 units. Cooldown - 120s.
+100 Health +10 Physical Protection and Magical Protection +7 HP5 & 7 MP5 while within 60ft of an ally god +3 Gold per Minion Assisted +4 GP5 ROLE QUEST: SUPPORT : COMPLETED!
AURA - Ally lane minions within 70 units gain 25% Health and Attack Speed. Whenever an ally lane minion dies within 70 units of you, gain 5 power per stack, max 6 stacks for 15 seconds.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item restores 75 Health + 12 Health per level and 30% Mana to all Allied gods within 35 units. Cooldown - 120s.
PASSIVE - For every non-ultimate ability on cooldown you gain a stack of Cruelty. Each stack provides 7 Physical Power and 2% Physical Lifesteal.
PASSIVE - You gain +3 Magical Protection and +3 Physical Protection for each god kill or assist. At 7 stacks this item Evolves, providing a Health Shield that gains stacks every 2s. Shield only stacks if you have not taken or dealt damage in the last 5s. Each stack provides 10% of 100 Health +5 Per Level.
PASSIVE - While below 60% Health you become Berserk for 5s. While Berserk, you gain 5% Damage Mitigation and 20% Attack Speed. This effect can only occur once every 15 seconds.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item restores 75 Health + 12 Health per level and 30% Mana to all Allied gods within 35 units. Cooldown - 120s.
AURA - ALL enemies within 25 units are dealt 20 (+1.5 Per Level) Magical Damage per second.
PASSIVE - You gain +20% additional Movement Speed after leaving the Fountain. This effect lasts 7s.
PASSIVE - When your Ultimate ability has finished casting, you gain a Shield equal to 90% of your Protections from items and abilities for 5s. When destroyed, by timing out or being depleted, it explodes in a 30 unit radius and deals Magical damage equal to 75% of your Protections from items and abilities and slows targets by 25% for 3s. This can only occur once every 45 seconds.
PASSIVE - When you take Magical Damage from Abilities your cooldowns are reduced by 3s. This can only occur once every 30s.
PASSIVE - You gain an additional 15% Damage Mitigation for 3s whenever you are hit with a hard Crowd Control Effect or Root. This can only occur once every 15 seconds.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item restores 75 Health + 12 Health per level and 30% Mana to all Allied gods within 35 units. Cooldown - 120s.
PASSIVE - On successful hit of an Ability you gain 1 stack. At 3 Stacks your next Ability that damages an enemy God will deal bonus damage equal to 20% of your Magical power to each God hit, and will heal yourself and allies within 20 units for 15 (+5 Per Level) and will consume the 3 stacks.
PASSIVE - Your abilities deal an additional 1% of the target's maximum Health as Magical Damage. If the target has over 2000 Health, your ability bonus damage scales up. This effect reaches a maximum of 9% Maximum Health damage at 2750 Health. Subsequent hits on the same target do half the bonus damage for the next 3s.
PASSIVE - Enemies hit by your abilities have 40% reduced healing for 5 seconds.
PASSIVE - Every 10s the Pendant activates, subtracting 1s from all of your abilities currently on Cooldown. The initial countdown will not start until you leave the fountain.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item restores 75 Health + 12 Health per level and 30% Mana to all Allied gods within 35 units. Allies affected by Meditation Cloak have their abilities' mana cost reduced by 30% and their Ability Cooldowns reduced by 1s upon use. Cooldown - 120s.
Using this item subtracts 3s from all abilities currently on Cooldown and restores 40% Health and Mana lost within the last 5s. Cooldown - 120s.
+100 Health +10 Physical Protection and Magical Protection +7 HP5 & 7 MP5 while within 60ft of an ally god +3 Gold per Minion Assisted +4 GP5 ROLE QUEST: SUPPORT : COMPLETED!
PASSIVE - Every time you are damaged by a god you gain a stack that provides 3 Physical and Magical Protections. Stacks up to 7 times, Lasts 6s
PASSIVE - For each enemy God within 55 units of you, you gain a stack of 4% Damage Mitigation. This caps at 3 stacks.
AURA - Enemy gods within 55 units have their healing reduced by 25%. This does not stack with similar Auras.
PASSIVE - You gain an additional 15% Damage Mitigation for 3s whenever you are hit with a hard Crowd Control Effect or Root. This can only occur once every 15 seconds.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item restores 75 Health + 12 Health per level and 30% Mana to all Allied gods within 35 units. Allies affected by Meditation Cloak have their abilities' mana cost reduced by 30% and their Ability Cooldowns reduced by 1s upon use. Cooldown - 120s.
PASSIVE - When you are hit by an ability that deals Magical damage, gain 5% Magical Damage Mitigation for 5s. ICD 12s.
PASSIVE - Every time you are damaged by a god you gain a stack that provides 3 Physical and Magical Protections. Stacks up to 7 times, Lasts 6s
AURA - Allies within 70 units receive 10 Physical Protection and 10 Magical Protection.
AURA - Allied gods within 70 units have their Attack Speed increased by 30%.
PASSIVE - Whenever you damage an enemy god with an ability you mark them to take 5% increased damage from all sources. This effect lasts for 8s and can only occur once every 15s.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item applies a shield to himself and allies within 35 units for 100 Health + 12 Health per God Level for 3 seconds. Additionally, all allies take 50% reduced damage from Basic Attacks while the shield is active. Cooldown - 150s.
AURA - Allied gods within 70 units have their Physical Protections increased by 15 and their HP5 increased by 25.
PASSIVE - Every time you are damaged by a god you gain a stack that provides 3 Physical and Magical Protections. Stacks up to 7 times, Lasts 6s
PASSIVE - Getting an assist on an enemy god or minion kill grants 2 Protections for 5s, max 5 stacks
PASSIVE - Successfully hitting an enemy god with a Crowd Control ability will place a debuff on them, reducing their Physical and Magical Protections by 0.8 * your level for 5s.
PASSIVE - You gain an additional 15% Damage Mitigation for 3s whenever you are hit with a hard Crowd Control Effect or Root. This can only occur once every 15 seconds.
AURA - Enemies within 55 units have their Attack Speed reduced by 25%.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
PASSIVE - When your Ultimate ability has finished casting, reveal all enemy gods within 120 units for 10s. While moving towards revealed enemies gain 20% Movement Speed. When first striking a revealed target they take an additional 30 + 50% of your Physical Power. This can only occur once every 45 seconds.
PASSIVE - Enemy gods within 55 units have their Healing reduced by 15%. This effect does not stack with similar auras.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item restores 75 Health + 12 Health per level and 30% Mana to all Allied gods within 35 units. Cooldown - 120s.
Using this item applies a shield to himself and allies within 35 units for 100 Health + 12 Health per God Level for 3 seconds. Additionally, all allies take 50% reduced damage from Basic Attacks while the shield is active. Cooldown - 150s.
PASSIVE - While over 25% Mana, you gain +10% Cooldown Reduction. While under 25% Mana, you gain +50 MP5.
PASSIVE - While below 60% Health you become Berserk for 5s. While Berserk, you gain 5% Damage Mitigation and 20% Attack Speed. This effect can only occur once every 15 seconds.
PASSIVE - Every 8 seconds you gain a block stack if you have at least 80 total Protections from items and abilities, preventing 65% of the next Basic Attack's damage. For each additional 80 total Protections from items and abilities the max. stacks increases, up to a cap of 3.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item restores 75 Health + 12 Health per level and 30% Mana to all Allied gods within 35 units. Allies affected by Meditation Cloak have their abilities' mana cost reduced by 30% and their Ability Cooldowns reduced by 1s upon use. Cooldown - 120s.
PASSIVE - If you are hit by a Knockup, Knockback, Pull, or Grab you gain 7% of your max Health over the next 5 seconds. You gain 15 Physical Power and 25 Magical Power while this effect is not on cooldown. This effect does not trigger on Vortexes. Can only occur once every 15s. PASSIVE - Regenerates 0.4% of your max health every second.
PASSIVE - If you take damage below 30% health you unleash a shockwave that stuns all enemies within a range of 20 units for 1s and become immune to Crowd Control for 1s. This effect cannot trigger more than once every 110s.
PASSIVE - While over 25% Mana, you gain +10% Cooldown Reduction. While under 25% Mana, you gain +50 MP5.
PASSIVE - While below 60% Health you become Berserk for 5s. While Berserk, you gain 5% Damage Mitigation and 20% Attack Speed. This effect can only occur once every 15 seconds.
PASSIVE - You gain 15% of your maximum Health and Mana over the next 3 seconds when you get a kill or assist against an enemy god or Objective.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item restores 75 Health + 12 Health per level and 30% Mana to all Allied gods within 35 units. Cooldown - 120s.
PASSIVE - While below 60% Health, you gain an additional 15% Physical Lifesteal for 5 seconds. Can only occur once every 15 seconds.
PASSIVE - When you are hit by a Hard Crowd Control, steal 10 Protections from all enemies within 20 units for 5s. This effect can only occur once every 5s.
AURA - Allied gods within 70 units have their Attack Speed increased by 30%.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item applies a shield to himself and allies within 35 units for 100 Health + 12 Health per God Level for 3 seconds. Additionally, all allies take 20% reduced damage from Basic Attacks while the shield is active. Cooldown - 150s.
PASSIVE - Gain 5% Movement Speed for 10s on killing or assisting an enemy god. Stacks up to 3 times.
PASSIVE - While over 25% Mana, you gain +10% Cooldown Reduction. While under 25% Mana, you gain +50 MP5.
PASSIVE - While below 60% Health you become Berserk for 5s. While Berserk, you gain 5% Damage Mitigation and 20% Attack Speed. This effect can only occur once every 15 seconds.
PASSIVE - While below 60% Health, you gain an additional 15% Physical Lifesteal for 5 seconds. Can only occur once every 15 seconds.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item restores 75 Health + 12 Health per level and 30% Mana to all Allied gods within 35 units. Allies affected by Meditation Cloak have their abilities' mana cost reduced by 30% and their Ability Cooldowns reduced by 1s upon use. Cooldown - 120s.
+20 Physical Power +25 Magical Power +10 Penetration ROLE QUEST: DAMAGE: COMPLETED!
PASSIVE - Melee Basic Attacks decreases enemy Physical protections by 7, and increase your physical protection by 5 for 3s (max. 2 Stacks).
AURA - Allied gods within 70 units have their Attack Speed increased by 30%.
PASSIVE - While over 75% Health, you gain +25 Physical Power. While under 75% Health, you gain +40 Protections.
PASSIVE - While over 25% Mana, you gain +10% Cooldown Reduction. While under 25% Mana, you gain +50 MP5.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
PASSIVE - Each second you are in god combat, gain 1% Attack Speed for 5s. Max 10 stacks.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item restores 75 Health + 12 Health per level and 30% Mana to all Allied gods within 35 units. Allies affected by Meditation Cloak have their abilities' mana cost reduced by 30% and their Ability Cooldowns reduced by 1s upon use. Cooldown - 120s.
Using this item applies a shield to himself and allies within 35 units for 100 Health + 12 Health per God Level for 3 seconds. Additionally, all allies take 50% reduced damage from Basic Attacks while the shield is active. Cooldown - 150s.
PASSIVE - On Basic Attack hits, deal Physical Damage equal to 1.5% of the target's maximum Health. If the target has over 2000 Health, the bonus damage scales up. This effect reaches a maximum of 6% of the targets Maximum Health at 2750 Health.
PASSIVE - Physical Critical Strikes bonus damage taken is decreased by 40%.
PASSIVE - While over 75% Health, you gain +25 Physical Power. While under 75% Health, you gain +40 Protections.
AURA - Allied gods within 70 units have their Attack Speed increased by 30%.
PASSIVE - Each time you Basic Attack an enemy god, gain a stack. When you have 4 stacks, your next Basic Attack damage Slows the enemy god hit by 15% for 2s. Additional Slows applied from this item refresh the duration.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item restores 75 Health + 12 Health per level and 30% Mana to all Allied gods within 35 units. Allies affected by Meditation Cloak have their abilities' mana cost reduced by 30% and their Ability Cooldowns reduced by 1s upon use. Cooldown - 120s.
PASSIVE - Basic Attacks against an enemy reduce your target's Physical Protection by 7% for 3 seconds (max. 4 Stacks).
PASSIVE - While over 25% Mana, you gain +10% Cooldown Reduction. While under 25% Mana, you gain +50 MP5.
PASSIVE - If you take damage below 30% health you unleash a shockwave that stuns all enemies within a range of 20 units for 1s and become immune to Crowd Control for 1s. This effect cannot trigger more than once every 110s.
PASSIVE - While below 60% Health you become Berserk for 5s. While Berserk, you gain 5% Damage Mitigation and 20% Attack Speed. This effect can only occur once every 15 seconds.
This is our proprietary skill rating calculation. This has nothing to do with official game ranking or MMR.
The purpose is to show player skill levels relative to other players, not estimate MMR.
Using this item restores 75 Health + 12 Health per level and 30% Mana to all Allied gods within 35 units. Allies affected by Meditation Cloak have their abilities' mana cost reduced by 30% and their Ability Cooldowns reduced by 1s upon use. Cooldown - 120s.
Using this item applies a shield to himself and allies within 35 units for 100 Health + 12 Health per God Level for 3 seconds. Additionally, all allies take 20% reduced damage from Basic Attacks while the shield is active. Cooldown - 150s.
PASSIVE - You gain +3 Magical Protection and +3 Physical Protection for each god kill or assist. At 7 stacks this item Evolves, providing a Health Shield that gains stacks every 2s. Shield only stacks if you have not taken or dealt damage in the last 5s. Each stack provides 10% of 100 Health +5 Per Level.
PASSIVE - If you are hit by a Knockup, Knockback, Pull, or Grab you gain 7% of your max Health over the next 5 seconds. You gain 15 Physical Power and 25 Magical Power while this effect is not on cooldown. This effect does not trigger on Vortexes. Can only occur once every 15s. PASSIVE - Regenerates 0.4% of your max health every second.
AURA - Allies within 70 units receive 10 Physical Protection and 10 Magical Protection.
PASSIVE - Successfully hitting an enemy god with a Crowd Control ability will place a debuff on them, reducing their Physical and Magical Protections by 0.8 * your level for 5s.
PASSIVE - For each enemy God within 55 units of you, you gain a stack of 4% Damage Mitigation. This caps at 3 stacks.